Activated charcoal, cholestyramine, bentonite clay, fulvic acid, hummic Acid, Zeolite clay and glucomannan are some of the top binders that can help detox from mycotoxins and mold. Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by certain molds that can contaminate food and feed.  Mycotoxins can cause a range of health problems, including liver damage, kidney damage, and cancer (*). For instance, aflatoxins, produced by Aspergillus species, are known for their carcinogenic properties(*), while ochratoxin A, produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium species, is associated with kidney damage (*). Understanding the nature and impact of these toxic substances is crucial for implementing effective mycotoxin management strategies. Mycotoxin binders are substances that can bind to these toxins in the gastrointestinal tract, preventing their absorption into the bloodstream. Todays article I will explain how mycotoxin binders work, the different types of binders, how to select the best mycotoxin binder, the role of probiotics in binding up mycotoxins, and why binders are an important strategy in treating mold when you have tested positive for mold in your home or in your body.

Mycotoxin Binders: How Do They Work?

Mycotoxin binders function primarily through a mechanism called adsorption, which is the process of adhering to the surface of a material. When mycotoxins enter the gastrointestinal tract, they can be absorbed into the bloodstream, leading to various health issues. Mycotoxin binders work by capturing these toxins and preventing their absorption. Because they “bind up” these toxins, thy can reduce their harmful effects on the body. For those who want the “Science” behind how and why they work, you can read the section below.

Mechanism of Action

1. Adsorption: Most mycotoxin binders operate through adsorption not to be confused with absorption. Adsorption occurs when mycotoxins attach to the surface of the binder. For example, activated charcoal, a common mycotoxin binder, has a vast surface area due to its porous structure, allowing it to capture a wide range of mycotoxins effectively. In in vitro models that mimic the gastrointestinal tract, bile salts are essential for creating a simulated intestinal environment, enhancing the accuracy of adsorption capacity assessments during digestion.
2. Chemical Binding: Some organic binders may engage in chemical interactions with mycotoxins. For example, chitosan has a positive charge that can attract negatively charged mycotoxins, effectively binding them and preventing their absorption.
3. Physical Sequestration: Certain binders can physically encapsulate mycotoxins, rendering them unavailable for absorption. This is particularly true for clay minerals, which can trap mycotoxins within their layered structure. Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) is an example of a binder used in in vitro experiments to assess its effectiveness in adsorbing specific mycotoxins.
4. Gut Environment Modification: Some binders may also influence the gut microbiome and the overall gut environment, promoting a healthier balance of intestinal flora that can help mitigate the effects of mycotoxin exposure.

Types of Mycotoxin Binders: Inorganic Vs Organic

Mycotoxin binders can be broadly categorized into two main types: inorganic and organic binders. Each type has unique properties, mechanisms of action, and effectiveness against specific mycotoxins. Organic mycotoxin binders, such as fulvic acid, play a crucial role in detoxification protocols by binding toxins and enhancing plant growth. Another example is modified citrus pectin, a soluble fiber derived from citrus fruit peels, known for its ability to bind heavy metals and increase their urinary excretion in healthy adults.

1. Inorganic Mycotoxin Binders

Inorganic binders are typically derived from naturally occurring minerals. They are generally recognized for their high adsorption capacity and effectiveness against a wide range of mycotoxins.

Activated charcoal is one of the most well-known mycotoxin binders. Activated charcoal can bind to a wide range of mycotoxins, making it a good option for situations where multiple types of toxins may be present. Its porous structure provides an extensive surface area, allowing it to adsorb various mycotoxins, including aflatoxins and ochratoxins. Activated charcoal is commonly used in emergency poisoning cases due to its ability to bind toxins effectively.

Activated charcoal is often recommended in cases of acute poisoning. It can be taken orally after a mycotoxin exposure to reduce the absorption of toxins in the gastrointestinal tract.

Clay Minerals: Bentonite and Zeolite

Clay minerals, such as Bentonite and Zeolite, are another category of inorganic binders. Bentonite is particularly effective against aflatoxins due to its high cation-exchange capacity and specific surface area. Zeolites are microporous minerals that can adsorb not only mycotoxins but also other harmful substances. Zeolite is a natural porous rock containing minerals known to adsorb mycological agents and heavy metals, such as lead and mercury, in the digestive tract. It ionically binds to heavy metals  and entraps toxins, holding them securely for safe elimination.

In addition to clay minerals, mold inhibitors are essential feed additives designed to reduce mold contamination and inhibit the growth of mycotoxin-producing molds in grains or feed. They are particularly important in environments prone to mold growth, helping to maintain feed safety and quality.

2. Organic Mycotoxin Binders

Organic binders are typically derived from biological sources.

Chitosan

Chitosan is a biopolymer derived from chitin, which is found in the shells of crustaceans. It has been shown to effectively bind various mycotoxins, including aflatoxins and ochratoxins, due to its positive charge that attracts negatively charged mycotoxins. Chitosan, a derivative of chitin found in shellfish, shows potential benefits for gastrointestinal (GI) health by promoting beneficial gut bacteria, enhancing gut barrier integrity, regulating gut microbiota, and potentially reducing inflammation.

Fulvic and Humic acid:

Fulvic and Humic acid (Shilajit) are another two very powerful mold binders. Humic acid chelate metal ions and interact with organic compounds, including certain toxins.

Foods Highest in Mycotoxins 

One of the most common yet sometimes unexpected ways to encounter mycotoxins is through food. Here is a list of foods that are the highest in mycotoxins

• Alcoholic beverages
• Wheat
• Barley
• Rye
• Sugar cane
• Sugar beets
• Corn
• Sourgum
• Peanut
• Cottonseed
• Hard cheeses
• Soybean Products
• Hemp
• Cannabis

Most Common Mycotoxins You May Have Been Exposed To

The most common mycotoxins include:

• Aflatoxins: Known for their toxicity and carcinogenic properties, primarily produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus.
• Ochratoxin A: Produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium species, it is associated with kidney damage and potential carcinogenic effects.
• Macrocyclic Trichothecenes: A group of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species, known for their ability to disrupt protein synthesis.
• Gliotoxin: Produced by Aspergillus species, gliotoxin is immunosuppressive and can lead to various health issues.
• Zearalenone: A non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species, it can disrupt hormonal balance and reproductive health.

Understanding these mycotoxins is essential for determining the appropriate binder to use.

Selecting the Best Mycotoxin Binder

Because mold toxins can have severe impacts on health, making it essential to choose the appropriate binder, such as activated charcoal, zeolite, or prescription medications like cholestyramine, to effectively trap and excrete these toxins from the body.  When selecting a mycotoxin binder, it’s vital to consider the specific types of mycotoxins for which you have tested positive. Here’s how to match the right binders with the respective mycotoxins:

1. Aflatoxins

Effective Mycotoxin Binders for Aflatoxins include:

• Activated Charcoal: This binder is highly effective against aflatoxins due to its extensive surface area and adsorption capabilities. It can bind aflatoxins in the gastrointestinal tract, preventing their absorption.
• Bentonite/Zeolite Clay: Bentonite and Zeolite are natural clays that has been shown to adsorb aflatoxins effectively. Bentonite clay and zeolite are both volcanic minerals that are used as absorbents. They have different structures and properties, but they can be used together to reinforce each other’s effects. Its layered structure allows it to trap these toxins, thus reducing their bioavailability.
• Probiotics: I will discuss the effects various probiotics and the mold binding abilities in the section below.
• Glucomannan:  Obtained from the elephant yam. Glucomannan travels through the digestive system and has the capacity to absorb up to 50 times its own weight, which makes it a strong binder for various mycotoxins, especially aflatoxin.

Example of Use: If you have tested positive for aflatoxins in grains or nuts, consider using activated charcoal or bentonite clay as part of your detoxification protocol.

2. Ochratoxin A

Effective Binders:

• Chitosan: Derived from chitin found in crustacean shells, chitosan has a positive charge that attracts ochratoxin A, effectively binding and eliminating it from the body.
• Glucomanan: Glucomannan has shown efficacy in binding various mycotoxins. Aflatoxin and OTA are major toxins affected by this binder
• Clinoptilolite (Zeolite): This naturally occurring mineral has been shown to bind ochratoxins in the gastrointestinal tract, making it a suitable option for detoxification.

Example of Use: If your mold urine test indicate the presence of ochratoxin A in your food supply, consider chitosan or clinoptilolite as effective binders to help mitigate its effects.

3. Macrocyclic Trichothecenes

Molds that produce these mycotoxins include Fusarium, Myrothecium, Trichoderma, Trichothecium, Cephalosporium, Verticimonosporium, and Stachybotrys “Black mold”

Effective Mycotoxin Binders for Macrocyclic Trichothecenes include:

• Activated Charcoal: According to current research, activated charcoal is considered the most effective mycotoxin binder for Macrocyclic Trichothecenes, as it has demonstrated significant efficacy in adsorbing these toxins within the gastrointestinal tract, including verrucarin A and roridin E, which are common types of macrocyclic trichothecenes (*).
• Bentonite Clay:
• Zeolite Clay:

Example of Use: If you find macrocyclic trichothecenes on a mold or mycotoxin urine test, bentonite clay or activated charcoal would be appropriate choices to help eliminate these toxins.

4. Gliotoxin

Effective Mycotoxin Binders for Gliotoxin include:

• Activated Charcoal: Due to its broad-spectrum adsorptive properties, activated charcoal can also bind gliotoxin, making it a versatile option for various mycotoxins.
• Chitosan: The positive charge of chitosan can help bind gliotoxin, reducing its bioavailability and potential harmful effects.
• Probiotics:

Example of Use: Gliotoxins are often produced by Candida albicans (*). If gliotoxin is present in your food or detected on a mycotoxin urine test, activated charcoal or chitosan can be included in your detox regimen to mitigate its effects effectively.

5. Zearalenone

Effective Binders for Zearalenone include:

• Bentonite Clay: This binder is effective against zearalenone due to its ability to adsorb a wide range of mycotoxins, including this estrogenic compound.
• Yeast Cell Wall Extracts: These extracts contain mannoproteins that can bind zearalenone, making them a valuable option for detoxification(*).
• Probiotics: Several studies have shown that probiotics such as lactic acid producing bacteria and Bifidobacteria are able to bind mycotoxins and reduce their toxicity

Example of Use: If zearalenone is detected on your mycotoxin test, bentonite clay, Probiotics or Yeast Cell Wall Extracts are good options.

Probiotics And Mycotoxins

Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts. Certain strains of probiotics have demonstrated the ability to bind mycotoxins, making them a valuable adjunct in mycotoxin management strategies(*). Additionally, nutritional supplements can enhance the effectiveness of probiotics in binding mycotoxins.

Lactic Acid Bacteria

Certain strains of probiotics, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, have demonstrated the ability to bind mycotoxins in the gut. These beneficial bacteria not only promote gut health but also help mitigate the effects of mycotoxins.

1. Lactobacillus Species

Lactobacillus species, such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus plantarum, have shown promise in binding various mycotoxins, including aflatoxins(*),(*). These probiotics can compete with harmful bacteria in the gut, promoting a healthier gut environment while simultaneously reducing mycotoxin absorption.

Example of Use: Probiotic supplements containing Lactobacillus strains are commonly used to support gut health and may help mitigate the effects of mycotoxin exposure.

2. Bifidobacterium Species

Bifidobacterium species, including Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium longum, are known for their beneficial effects on gut health. Research has indicated that these probiotics can bind certain mycotoxins(aflatoxins), reducing their bioavailability and helping to protect the host from potential toxicity(*). Bifidobacterium has been shown to combat the inflammation caused by mold toxins (*).

Example of Use: Many probiotic formulations include Bifidobacterium strains to enhance digestive health and potentially reduce the risk of mycotoxin absorption.

3. Saccharomyces boulardii

For those dealing with a complex chronic illness—such as chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, frequent infections, neuroendocrine disorders, and autoimmunity—mycotoxins are often overlooked, yet significant, silent killers that deteriorate various systems in the body. Saccharomyces boulardii is a beneficial yeast that has garnered attention for its ability to bind mycotoxins, particularly aflatoxins (*),(*). This probiotic not only helps in maintaining a balanced gut microbiota but also acts as a natural mycotoxin binder, making it a valuable addition to dietary regimens focused on detoxification.

Example of Use: S. boulardii supplements are widely available and are often recommended for individuals experiencing gastrointestinal disturbances or those looking to improve their gut health. Their ability to bind mycotoxins can help reduce the risks associated with contaminated foods.

4. Enterococcus Faecium

Enterococcus faecium is another beneficial gut microbe that has shown potential in binding mycotoxins. It adheres to the intestinal lining, allowing it to outcompete harmful pathogens while binding to mycotoxins, thereby preventing their absorption into the bloodstream.

Importance of Using Mycotoxin Binders As Part Of Your Treatment

The use of mycotoxin binders is essential for maintaining human health in several ways. By preventing the absorption of harmful mycotoxins, these binders play a crucial role in reducing the risk of mycotoxin-related diseases, promoting overall well-being, and enhancing the safety of food products.

Here’s What You Need To Remember About Mold Mycotoxin Binders

Selecting the best mycotoxin binder based on the specific mycotoxins you have tested positive for is essential for effective detoxification and promoting overall health. By understanding the types of mycotoxins—such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, macrocyclic trichothecenes, gliotoxin, and zearalenone—you can make informed decisions about the best binders to use in your case.

Always prioritize binders that have demonstrated efficacy against the specific mycotoxins of concern and consider factors such as safety, delivery method, and potential interactions with medications. Since many binders can bind up essential vitamins and minerals, this should be another consideration for treatment.

Conducting thorough testing for mycotoxins and consulting with a Certified Functional Medicine Practitioner who thinks outside the box will further enhance your ability to not only select the most effective mycotoxin binder but also develop a treatment plan personalized to you. By taking these steps, you can significantly reduce the risks associated with mycotoxin exposure and promote better health and well-being.